Indigenous / Culturally Specific Words from the Paper (Kabui/Rongmei religious terms, ritual names, deities, festivals, and community institutions)

 Gods, Deities, and Spirits

• Tingkao Ragwang / Lagwang – Supreme God (King of Gods)

• Apouna/Ragwang – Good spirit

• Bisnu/Bonchanu/Manchanu – Good spirit (mythological son of Supreme God)

• Napsinmei – God of paddy

• Koklumei – Good spirit

• Chonchai – Spirit/God of prosperity

• Karangong – Good spirit

• Charakilongmei – Spirit for welfare of humankind

• Kairao – Household deities / Ancestors

• Kaipi Bhamboo & Kaiba Bhamboo – Village deities (Soang/Shong)

• Dampapu-Dampapui – God & Goddess of creation

• Champei – Goddess of birds and animals

• Karampou-Karampui – Presiding deities of places

• Zongumei – Evil spirit

• Kaibhamei – Evil spirit

• Changlhu / Changlhu-lhudai / Changbang-lhudai – Evil spirits (North & South)

• Taroi Gang – Presiding deity in the land of death

• Pung-la – Spirit of mounds (evil)

• Maigang – Fire god

• Pong-Gwang – Wind god

• Ting-Gwang – Rain god

• Mong-Gwang – Cloud god

• Bangla-Gwang – Earthquake god

• Di-Tingpu-Di-Zangpui – Father & Mother earth goddesses

• Kaikulla – Presiding deity of each corner

• Lang-bhangla – Spirit dwelling under bedsteads

• Lam-la – Evil spirit

• Laora – God of paddy field (evil spirit)

• Kapakara – Devils / Evil spirits

• Duira – Water god

• Thingphalla – Forest deity

• Kunmei – Protector spirit of the village

• Chagamei/Pa Ra – Evil spirit (roadsides)

• Kapenpu & Kapenpui – Evil spirits (in-charge of epidemics)

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Festivals & Rituals

• Chakan-Gaan-Ngai / Gaan-Ngai – Grand festival, farewell to departed souls

  • Ngai-gangmei – 1st day

  • Ngai-dai – 2nd day (main day)

  • Tuna-gan-ngai – 3rd day

  • Ngai-ba – 4th day

  • Nap-chan – 5th day

• Ri-Ngai – Festival of purification (body, mind, soul)

• Nanu-Ngai – Ear-piercing festival

• Napkao-Mei – Agricultural/paddy festival

• Ginki-Mei – Ancestor/New Year festival

• Guidui-Ngai – Fertility of soil festival

• Toon-Ngai – Rainy season / ancestor worship

• Pukphat-Ngai – New crop testing festival

• Ten-Ngai – New bread/rice harvest festival

• Changdon Ngai – Road repairing festival

• Dongjao Ngai – Harvest competition festival

• Neimei – Holy day observance (movement taboo/genna)

• Nouna Mungkhao Kalummei – Blessing ceremony for newly married couples

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Community & Ritual Terms

• Chapriak – Followers (of Tingkao Ragwang)

• TRC – Tingkao Ragwang Chapriak group

• Kalumkai – Temple / House of worship

• Pei / Peimei – Village elders’ council / council members

• Khangchu – Boys’ dormitory

• Luchu – Girls’ dormitory

• Meipui – Old women’s shelter

• Hoi – Traditional yell/chant

• Lougai – Traditional hoe (used in rituals)

• Meirapmei – Installation of sacred fire

• Taam – Chutney for festivals

• Suong-loi – Ritual chicken substitute for sick person

• Joupaankeimei – Libation of rice beer

• Gulim-dansanmei – Ritual offering of ginger (omen prediction)

• Kairao-thee – Ancestor worship ritual

• Dampakhonmei / Dampagallhou – Rites for child’s normal growth

• Raang-Pat – Sacrifice day at village gate

• Napchanmei – Oblation ritual

• Lang-paimei – Ritual omen prediction

• Gokpai – Omen prediction ritual

Chaakan Gaan-Ngai

INTRODUCTION

Image: A-pao

Gaan Ngai Festival: Nurturing the Heart of Zeliangrong Culture

Culture, tradition, and religious practices are threads that intricately weave the identity of a community. For the Zeliangrong people, the Gaan Ngai Festival stands as a pinnacle, embodying their cultural and religious essence. This festival, also known as Chaakan Gaan-Ngai, serves as a vibrant tapestry that not only unites the Zeliangrong community but also reflects their historical journey and spiritual connection. From its origin to its modern-day celebration, Gaan Ngai Festival holds a special place in the hearts and lives of the Zeliangrong people, residing in the states of Manipur, Nagaland, and Assam.

A Triad of Names and Uniting Essence

The Zeliangrong community, a collective term for Zemei, Liangmai, and Rongmei (Kabui) tribes, along with Puimei, came into being on February 15, 1947, at Keishamthong Kabui Village. Gaan Ngai Festival, also known as Gin-Ngi among the Liangmai, Hega-Ngi among the Zeme, and Chaakan Gaan-Ngai or Chaakak Ngai among the Rongmei (Kabui) and Puimei, serves as a bridge that connects these various tribal identities into a harmonious celebration of their shared heritage.

The Journey of Recognition and Celebration

The history of Gaan Ngai Festival, much like the tale of the Zeliangrong people, is a narrative of perseverance and recognition. In 1976, during the R.K. Dorendra Ministry, Gaan Ngai Festival was granted restricted holiday status in Manipur, a testament to the efforts of various Zeliangrong organizations. This recognition marked a significant step toward acknowledging the festival's cultural and religious significance.

The festival's journey toward recognition, however, wasn't without its challenges. The Ibobi Singh-led government removed Gaan Ngai Festival from the holiday list in 2003. However, public outcry and media pressure compelled the government to restore its rightful place. This episode underscores the festival's deep-rooted importance to the Zeliangrong community and their unwavering commitment to preserving their cultural heritage.

Gaan Ngai: A Celebration of Abundance and Spirituality

Gaan Ngai Festival, a post-harvest celebration, paints a vivid picture of Zeliangrong culture and spirituality. Falling in the winter season, the festival's name itself reveals its essence: "Gaan" translates to winter or dry season, and "Ngai" signifies a joyful festival. The festival's roots trace back to the time when the Supreme God, Ragwang, created the universe and all that resides within it.

The Zeliangrong people, once living in harmony with gods, experienced turmoil due to the gods' dominance. Legends recount the transformation of men into khoidai (bees), signifying a rebellion that led to the expulsion of gods from the communal dormitory known as Khangchu. This act of defiance brought peace to the Zeliangrong people, a pivotal event commemorated through Gaan Ngai.

Rituals and Customs: Nurturing Tradition

Gaan Ngai Festival carries a rich tapestry of rituals and customs, each contributing to its holistic celebration. The preparation for the festival begins months in advance. The collection of plant trunks, known as Taa bang or Tamu bang, symbolizes the festival's fire-making ritual. This fire, believed to be sacred and auspicious, is produced through the art of rubbing and pressing these trunks.

The festival's schedule is meticulously planned by village elders, and designated members of Khangchu (male dormitory) and Luchu (female dormitory) play pivotal roles in executing its events. From offering ritual prayers to the gate-protecting deities to distributing the sacred fire, every aspect of Gaan Ngai holds spiritual significance.

Embracing Change while Honoring Tradition

As Gaan Ngai Festival evolved through time, certain changes have occurred, while the core essence remains intact. Modern conveniences have replaced certain traditional practices, and the vibrancy of folk stories and songs has endured the test of time. Despite these changes, the festival's soul remains rooted in its spiritual connection, fostering unity and gratitude among the Zeliangrong community.

Gaan Ngai Festival is a living testament to the Zeliangrong people's resilience, cultural pride, and deep-rooted spirituality. From its humble origins to its recognition as a significant holiday, this festival serves as a bridge between generations, reminding them of their ancestral heritage and the importance of cherishing their roots.

As the Zeliangrong community gathers to celebrate Gaan Ngai Festival, they partake in a shared legacy, nourishing their cultural identity while embracing the winds of change. In their celebrations, rituals, and camaraderie, they continue to preserve the heart of their culture, ensuring that the flame of Gaan Ngai burns brightly for generations to come.

1. Ngai Guangmei (First Day of Chakan Gaan-Ngai)