Presentation by Ruanglat Literature Society
A. Introduction
- Ruanglat hei…
- Khwangwan naimei lat re.
- Contour khwangwan naimei e.
- Kabah naimei latkaeng akhat hei kagwan baicna saa pwkhou kabah nic baic ethei mi kumhmei lat tatei Khwangwan naimei Lat/Tonal Language twna thay e.
- Kakui kaluang swmei khwangwan 4 RLS rui chakpatlou e. Mi guay kiu thu;
1. Mphaihmei khwangwan (Level Tone)/ (-)
- RLS rui mphaihmei khwangwan ta madanh mak ge.
- Hy pwkhou ni mi khwan ta madanh khang kahiak hy mak khe.
2. Bumkeymei khwangwan (Falling Tone)/ (\)
a)
‘v’ tihei value kathanc tiilouna mi khwangwan
khang piu the.
b) ‘v’
hei final syllable khou bam ethei mitei normal/universal /v/ khwan hamh the,
falling tone symbol the twna laa nina the.
c)
‘i’ zamh falling tone hiak swna ‘y’ tihei value
kathanc tiilouna laathaulou the.
d) 4
e)
‘u’ zamh falling tone hiak swna ‘w’ tihei value
kathanc tiilouna laathaulou the.
3. Ngangckumei khwangwan (RisingTone)/ (/)
a)
Rising tone hiak khang ‘c’ tihei value kathanc
tiilouna laathaulou e.
b)
‘c’ hei syllable final khou bam ethei mi tei
kalwnlung swmei /c/ khwan hamh the.
c)
Mi tei rising tone symbol the twna thaylou khang
the.
4. Ruaknac Khamvkhakh Khwangwan (Glottalised Tone)/ (?)
- a) Mi khwangwan ta madanh khang ‘h’ tihei value kathanc tiilouna hy e.
- b) ‘h’ hei syllable final khou bam ethei mitei kalwnlung swmei /h/ khwan hamh the.
- c) Ruaknac Khamvkhakh khwangwan madanhmei hiak the twna laa nina the.
Thaylou nimei…
i. /h/
hei Ruangmei khwan khou phoneme e.
ii. /h/
hei khwangwan madanhmei hiak khang swna nic piu e. Ruanglat hythau reymei nunc
rui piulou the. RLS rui nic piu bam the.
iii. Kumtina
ntaw tho value kanei khang piu bam e.
B. NWKWANG KHWAN (Prenasal Sound)/ (Pn+)
a)
Nwkhwang khwan tihei m,n, ng piuna hy e.
b)
Mi hei Ruangmei pioneer nunc rui piulou rey
bammei hiak ge.
•
Ntaw tho tone, glottal, prenasal hiak guay tei
duanclouna zauc kho.
|
Phoneme |
Tone |
Prenasal |
|
Tan |
tan (leg) |
ntan (to
train) |
|
Tan |
tanv (pile of
paddy) |
ntanv(to
tease) |
|
Tan |
tanc (strong) |
x |
|
Tan |
tanh (strong) |
ntanh (iron) |
|
Tan |
twn (spot) |
ntwn (summer) |
|
Gi |
gy |
nggih |
Karuc khou kathai kanmei khou rui thay the twmei thu…
a) v,
c, h, y, w hei khwangwan madanhmei hiak swna piu the.
b) Bumkeymei
khwangwan khou ‘i’ phaan ‘ y’ piu the.
c) Bumkeymei
khwangwan khou ‘u’ phaan ‘w’ piu the.
Thaylou kho…
a) Ruaknac
khamvkhakh khwan lev Nwkwang khwan hiak tho Ruangmei pioneer writer nunc rui
piu guangmei hiak guay the.
b) Bumkeymei
khwan lev Ngangckumei khwan hiak tho RLS rui damclou tuang the.
Tabui zaeng rui symbol baihmei piu
makna Roman Alphabet rui Ruanglat Khwangwan madanc bam tw cho?
Khwangwan madanc nuhmei hiak peyna nai de. Kum e tihkic Ruanglat hy khou
sinsw makmei Roman Alphabet hiak asaek ta piu the. Kalam thu…
a)
Mi hei learner friendly sw e.
b)
Computer, typewriter, handset keypad friendly sw
e.
c)
Printing press friendly sw e.
d)
Hymei, pahmei khatnic spelling khou chiw e.
e)
Hylou pwkhou howsii howroucmei, phoumei, nkakmei
maek ge.
Ruanglat Khwangwan rui adih kamv khang kabah tibaiclou cho…
a)
(-) Ai
bi lau tat re. (lau)
b)
(\) Ai
bi lau tat re. (lau)
c)
(/) Ai
bi lau tat re. (lau)
d)
(?) Ai
bi lau tat re. (lau)
e)
(-) Stephen rui Mary ta katham e. (katham)
f)
(\) Stephen rui Mary ta katham e. (katham)
g)
(-) Tanpui tanpu kaw nu e. (nu)
h)
(?) Tanpui tanpu kaw nu e. (nu)
Khwangwan kiu twkumh madanc kho toh?
a)
Level (-) =
raa (to dismantle) = raa
b)
Falling (\) =
raa (god/disease) = rav
c)
Rising (/) =
raa (to tell) = rac
d)
Glottalised (?) =
raa (to chirp/roar) = rah
e)
Level (-) =
gi (outer skin) = gi
f)
Falling (\) =
gi (feeding) = gy
g)
Rising (/) =
gi (to bind) = gic
h)
Glottalised (?) =
gi (skin) = gih
a.
Mphaihmei Khwangwan ta tho madanh mak khe.
b.
Bumkeymei khwangwan madanhmei:
‘v’ rui madanhmei
•
khaa (fish) hei khav twna hy e.
•
bam (seat) hei bamv twna hy e.
•
tan (pile of paddy) hei tanv twna hy e.
‘i’ phaan ‘y’ rui lynmei
•
hi (writing) hei hy twna hy e.
•
nim (arrest) hei nym twna hy e.
‘u’ phaan ‘w’ rui lynmei
•
bu (moon/month) hei bw twna hy e.
•
nu (mucus) hei nw twna hy e.
Diphthong lev Triphthong khwan khou tho nkhamhmei khwan khou na tei
khwangwan madanc pwni.
Diphthong:
a) riu
(ray) hei nkhamhmei ‘u’ phaan ‘w’ rui lynna riw twna hy pwni.
b) dui
(egg) hei nkhamhmei ‘i’ phaan ‘y’ rui lynna duy twna hy pwni.
Triphthong:
a) huai
(request) hei huay twna hy e.
b) riau
(edge/margin) hei riaw twna hy e.
c) Ngangckumei Khwangwan madanhmei
a) raa
(to tell) hei rac twna hy e.
b) zau
(to look) hei zauc twna hy e.
c) gan
(to throw) hei ganc twna hy e.
d) paap
(sin) hei paapc twna hy e.
b) zaat
(tribe/nation) hei zaatc twna hy e.
d) Ruaknac Khamvkhakh Khwangwan (glottal) madanhmei
a) raa
(to chirp/roar) hei rah twna hy e.
b) nei
(sun) hei neih twna hy e.
c) ziu
(goat) hei ziuh twna hy e.
d) gan
(lightning) hei ganh twna hy e.
e) bang
(slave) hei bangh twna hy e.
f) guang
(king) hei guangh twna hy e.
C. KHWANGWAN KALAIHMEI
Ruanglat khou Khwangwan Kalaihmei (Tone Shift) nai e.
Mi hei Latriak (Grammar) lev kariang nai e.
-
Twkumhpui Ganv Khou Kalaih Tuang?
Genetive Case khou glottalised tone hei
rising tone khou kalaih e.
Latkamv:
a) chah - chini
chac
b) guaih - kakai
guaic
c) guangh - ntay
guangc
d) bangh - kakai
bangc
e) zouh - Delhi
zouc
Genetive Case khou rising tone hei level tone khou kalaih e.
Latkamv:
a) zouc - mahabali
zou
b) suc -
Luangmaimei su
c) puc - bung phianmei pu
Noun khou bammei glottalised tone guay adjective hamh ethei verb ngguanh
pwkhou rising tone khou kalaih e.
Latkamv:
a) Kai
daihmei hei daic e.
b) Taanv
taanhmei nunc rui taanc e.
Nominal form khourui Verb khou kalaih pwkhou Khwangwan kalaih e.
Latkamv:
a) daihmei - daic
e
b) geihmei - geic
e
c) suhmei - suc e
d) bauhmei - bauc
e
e) ringhmei - ringc
e
[ Nominalizer ‘mei’ kazauhmei
latkaeng hei ‘derived noun’ e twna linguist nunc rui dinclou e. Mi hei kathai
bammei puat akhat sw bam e.]
Nominal form, Adjective khou rui Noun khou kalaih pwkhou Khwangwan kalaih
e.
Latkamv:
a) gaymei,
gaypui - ramgai
b) haenghmei,
haenghpui - ramhaeng
c) suhmei,
suhpui - ramsu
d) kunghmei,
kunghpui - ramkung
e) saenghmei,
saenghpui - ramsaeng
D. NWKWANG KHWAN (Prenasal Sound)
a) Kabii
swmei kabah tipat ngammei khwan akhat re.
b) Fundamental
elements of sound pangc khou akhat re.
c) Karaana
ding ngam mak ge, nyngthav swmei khwan hamh e.
d) Fraction
of sound, khwankiak na de.
e) Saapatpui
ganv khou initital syllable tei lev rah nchamc raphrap pat pwni.
f) (Kaluaih
datna) m, n, ng rui madanc e.
Latkamv:
Bilabial
a) pui
(mother) + pn m = mpui (bamboo)
b) Phut
(escape) + pn m = mphut (scorn)
c) Buh
(pulse) + pn m = mbuh
(haunting)
Velar
a) Kung
(orchid) + pn n =
nkung (freeze)
b) Kham
(reserve) + pn n =
nkham (accuse)
c) Ngan
(boast) + pn n =
nngan (steep)
d) Gan
(curry) + pn ng =
nggan (low land)
e) Guai
(once) + pn ng =
ngguaih (wither)
f) Gu
(to save) + pn ng =
nggu (full)
Alveolar
a) Tan
(leg) + pn n =
ntan (to train)
b) Thai
(fruit) +
pn n =
nthai (fruit bearing)
c) Dam
(share) + pn n =
ndam (adjust)
d) Nw
(mucus) + pn n =
nnw (loose/use)
e) Saa
(speak) + pn n =
nsaa (free of cost)
f) Zei
(blood) +
pn n =
nzei ( a kind of tree)
g) Lim
(shade) + pn n =
nlim (flute)
Palatal
a) Cham
(jump) + pn n = ncham (to learn)
b) Rey
(ahead) + pn n = nrey (appreciate)
Glottal
a) Nwkwang
khwan naimei khwan khoutei a hylouna ‘ahaa’, ‘ahu’, ‘ahuih thangc’ twna hy e.
b) Mi
khouhei prenasal character tei amaanna non-prenasal ngguanh kan e.
Nwkwang Khwan Hy Nipui Lwan
a) Bilabial
khwan guay khou Nwkwang Khwan ‘m’ piuna hy e.
b) Latkamv:
mpwan, mphaih, mbun
c) ‘m’
rui kahouhmei khwan khou ‘a’ piuna geih thu hy e. Tihkic nwkwang khwan tei maan
lana non-prenasal sound swna hy e.
Latkamv:
i) mmaan
hei amaan
ii) mmuc
hei amuc; mmit hei amit
Velar khwan guay khou ‘ng’ hy
nipui thouc e. Tihkic hy bam reymei nunc rui ‘n’ na hei piuna hy bam khwan the.
Velar khwan ‘g’ hamhmei guay khou thu ‘n’ piuna hy the. Velar ‘ng’ khwan khou
tho nwkwang khwan ‘ng’ hei hy nina e.
Latkamv:
nkit, nkhu, ngguai, ngngouh…
Alveolar khwan guay khou nwkwang khwan hei ‘n’
piuna hy the.
Latkamv:
nthei, nlaanh, nsui, ndeih, nzian…
Palatial khwan nei khou nic ‘n’ piuna hy the.
Latkamv:
ncham, nrey…
E. KALAM BAIBAIHMEI
(Ending Verb markers, Plural
markers, Negative markers)
a. Ending Verb Markers
Ruanglat
khou verb end marker guay hei-
e,
the, o, tho, lo e.
i) Vowel , diphthong khatnic
triphthong khwan rui
luailoumei latkaeng tangv tei e, o hy e.
Latkamv:
saa e, tii e, lou e, riau e
saa
o, tii o, lou o, riau o
ii) Voiced consonant m, n, ng rui final swmei latkaeng tangv e, o twna hy e.
Latkamv:
bam e, gan e, thingbang e
cham
o, ran o, lang o
b. Number /Person
English lev Ruanglat hei kalam
asaek khou nchamc makmei nai e. Mi hei kasing (number) khou ni how e.
i) First person
English khou first person khou
singular lev plural I, we twna catergory kanei nai e.
Ruanglat khou ai, aney, aniu
(aniw) twna catergory kathumh nai e.
Latkamv:
a) aney
(inclusive)
b) anei
(exclusive)
c) aniw
(inclusive)
d) aniu
(exclusive)
ii) Second person/number
nang,
nangney, nangniw
iii) Third person/number
kamei,
kaney, kaniw
Maansei, Khouringh, Ramh, Puatc
zamh Plural markers
nunc - nunc hei maansei,
suc-zouc
(zei naimei nunc ta thaymei)
Latkamv: meicnunc, sucnunc…
guay - guay hei latrik, pen,
thing-tauh
(zei maekmei guay ta thaymei)
Latkamv: baengguay, mwnguay
guay - plural of plural ta
thaymei
Latkamv:
kaniw guay, sucnunc guay
c) Negative Markers
i. Hamh
- Hamh twmei latkaeng kahak hei negative marker di the.
- Mi latkaeng tangv mec, mak haaplou dat mak sihnic nuh the.
- Hamh e, hamh the twethei nuh the.
ii) Ramh
- Hamh phaan thowkumhmei rui ramh twna piumei nai e.
- Mi hei local variation e.
- Mi latkaeng tangv mec, mak haaplou dat mak sihnic nuh the.
iii) Kuangh/Kuangc
- Mi latkaeng kahak hei negative marker di the.
- Mi hei biu changh makmei ta e.
- Mi latkaeng tangv mec, mak gut dat mak sihnic nuh the.
- Kuangh the, kuangh e twmei hei rui nuh the.
iv) Maek
Maek
hei noun tangv saa e, hy e.
Latkamv:
Nap maek ge. Meic maek ge.
v) Mak
Mak hei Verb, Adverb, Adjective
tangv hy/saa e.
Latkamv:
- Kamei guang mak ge.
- Lulu howgay mak ge.
- Pak ranv hak mak ge.
vi) Lak
Lak hei future meaning khou mak
phaan negative marker swna saa/hy e.
vii) Mec
Mec hei verb, adverb, adjective
tangv ‘mak ge’ tuang duimei swna piu e.
Latkamv:
- Kamei taanv taanh mec.
- Howgay hak mec.
- Kapumc daih mec.
viii) Lec
Lec hei future meaning khou ‘lak
ge’ twmei duimei negative marker swna piu e.
Latkamv:
- Ai tat lec. Lat saa lec
- Ai laa lec.
d) Pahmei/Hymei thiak (Rampaa)
- Ramh sing pac pwkhou 1 khourui 3
nganv kazaat baic e.
- 4 khourui thau datmei rampaa baic
e.
Latkamv:
a) -
gaanvkhat, gaanvnei, gaanvthumh, gaanv - padeih, gaanv panguh…
b) -
bwkhat, bwnei, bwthumh, bw padeih, bw - panguh…
c) - Zaeng neihkhat, zaeng neihnei, zaeng - neihthumh, zaeng padeih, zaeng panguh…
e) Kumma, Kumna
a) ma,
na hei kabamv kabamv theilayna saa baic e.
b) ma
twna sinswmei nunc rui m-ending, p-ending khou piu bam e.
c) k-ending,
ng-ending latkaeng khou ‘nga’ piu bam e.
d) t-ending,
n-ending khou ‘na’ hy e.
e) Vowel-final/open
guay khou ‘na’ saa/hy e.
f) Consonant influence maekmei Vowel-final thiak khouhei zauc ethei chiwna thay pwni.
la+na; saa+na; the+na; tii+na; nai+na; bau+na…
h) Consistency
maintain swmei tho ‘na’ rui gay ranv kumcna how e.
Meic guayna taTHUANCKU THE
Dr. Thuanreilung Phaomei